III) 'Walayah with those converted to Islam from polytheism;' this 'walayah' is their due for accepting Islam and professing there is no God but Allah and that Muhammad is the Apostle of Allah. Some scholars stipulate that the converted person must declare his baraah from tyrants,56 regardless of whether he was converted to Islam by an opponent Muslim or by an Ibadhi, except in such case as when the Muslim opponent was in error, yet the convert nevertheless adopted that same error.57

IV) 'Walayat with those who recanted their erroneous views and became Ibadhis'. This section includes two kinds of individuals:

a) Those who follow the 'ulama' in their religion, muqallidun, or 'ammah; the requirements from the muqallidun as such are to repent and say, 'I am one of you. Your 'waliy' is my 'waliy', and your enemy is my enemy.' He thereby becomes a member of the Ibadhi community.58

b) Those who are able to formulate independent decisions on legal or theological matters, mujtahidun; the mujtahid must repent of all his erroneous views, recounting them one by one, publicly declaring his recantation, and affirming the true doctrines.59

The heretic, mubtadi, who had propagated his heresies, bida, must contact those who had followed him in his heresies and tell them of his repentance wherever they should be; after so doing, he will be accepted as a member of the Ibadhi community and a 'waliy.'60

V) The last section on this subject is 'walayah' with minors', walayat al-atfal,:

Conflicting opinions are reported about this matter; the Murjites held the view that all minors have the right to 'walayah'. This is also the opinion of Muadh b. Jabal, the Companion of the Prophet.61 The Sufris, a branch of the Kharijites, held that minors are to be treated like their parents; i.e., the children of infidels are infidels and the believers must dissociate themselves from them.62 The common view of the Nukkar and Ahmad b. al-Husain is 'reservation,' wuquf, in respect of all minors until they reach majority. The view of the rest of the Ibadhis is belief in 'walayah' with minors of the believers, and 'reservation' for those of the infidels and polytheists.63 The arguments and proofs adduced by each group on this question were discussed in detail in Ibadhi sources.64

The minors of believers are entitled to 'walayah' when:65

1) The child's paternity is established, i.e. when it is known to be the child of an Ibadhi.

2) The father says, 'This is my child', the child being present. Some scholars say the father's assertion of paternity is not enough, and it must be supported