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Studies in Ibāḍism (al-Ibāḍiyya)

Studies in Ibāḍism (al-Ibāḍīyya)

Publisher

Open Mind

Publication Year

2007 AH

In addition to this book, the author recorded information of theological opinions and arguments in his K. al-Adl wa al-insaf fi usul al-fiqh wa al-ikhtilaf. (three volumes).281 Although this book is devoted mainly to the study of the bases of jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh), the author also treated some theological questions. Perhaps this was because the book was written before K. al-Dalil, and he wanted to be explicit on certain theological matters, his views on which are to be found mainly in Parts I and III. In part I, there is a detailed discussion on the question of the Proof and preaching of the message of God,282 and a detailed account with a refutation of the views of al-Batiniyah, the extremist Shi'is (ghulat) and the Qarmatians.282 In Part III, there is also a detailed account of the Ibadhi views on faith and Islam,284 infidelity, hypocrisy and polytheism,285 revolt (khuruj)286 and heresies.287 Late commentaries: a bibliographical summary.

After this stage, in the period between the end of the fifth and the eighth century H., Ibadhi theologians formulated a number of creeds (Aqaid). Four of them were written by scholars from central North Africa, i.e. Southern Algeria, southern Tunisia and Jerba Island. Two of these works have already been mentioned; the Masail al-Tawhid of Abu al-Abbas Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Bakr, and the K. Usul al-din by Tabghurin b. Dawud b. Isa al-Malshuti.288 The third Aqidah was written by Shaikh Abu Sahl Yahya b. Ibrahim b. Sulaiman of Warijlan (6th century H.).289 The fourth was translated into Arabic from Berber by Abu Hafs, Umar b. Jumai (8th century H.).290 Although this translation was made during the eighth century H., it is believed that the original text in Berber was written earlier, probably about the end of the fifth century H. It is believed that it was written by some members of the Azzabah council who also wrote the famous work on Ibadhi jurisprudence known with their name, Diwan al-Azzabah.291 (This formulation of the creed is also known as Aqidat al-Azzabah). However a decisive conclusion on this point is not possible.

There are three other similar works by scholars from Jabal Nufusah. The first of these was written by Abu Zakariya, Yahya b. al-Khair b. Abi al-Khair al-Jannawani (6th century H.). This Aqidah is known as Aqidat Nufusah.292 The second is in verse and was composed by Abu Nasr Fath b. Nuh al-Malushai of Tamlushayt293 and is known as al-Qasidah al-nuniyah fi al-tawhid. The third and shortest was written by Abu Sakin Amir b. Ali al-Shammakhi (d. 792 H.) and is known as al-Diyanat.

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