The Nukkarite group of North Africa grew larger and formed their own communities and Azzabah councils.185 By the beginning of the fourth century H. they tried to establish their own Imamate under the leadership of Abu Yazid Mukhallad b. Kaidad, of Banu Yifrin, the same Berber tribe of Yazid b. Fandin the founder of the Nukkarite movement. Between the years 316-336 A.H. Abu Yazid conquered most of central North Africa, but was defeated and killed by the Fatimid ruler, al-Mansur b. al-Qasim, in the year 336 A.H.186

The Nukkar spread all over North Africa and found their way into Spain as well, where they were strong enough to establish their own city states.187 According to Ibn Hazm, the majority of the Kharijites of al-Andalus were of the Nukkarite branch of the Ibadhis.188

The extant literature of the Nukkar is very limited and cannot therefore cover all aspects of their views. Hence one is obliged to study their views as presented by Wahbi Ibadhis. Their views are to be found mainly in two small works devoted to the subject of the difference between the Muslim groups. The first work is a small treatise by Abu Amr Uthman b. Khalifah al-Sufi (first half of VIth century A.H.) entitled: Risalah fi bayan kull firqah189 and contains a useful account of the views of the different Muslim groups. The other work is a poem (urjuzah) of 111 verses, composed by Shaikh Salih b. Ibrahim b. Abi Salih al-Musabi,190 on the same subject as the treatise of Abu Amr. Accounts of Nukkar views are also given in the theological and historical works of the Ibadhis of North Africa.

Abu Ya'qub al-Warijlani gave the following account of al-Nukkar; "In all schools (madhahib) there is no one who is nearer to us, and at the same time more remote, than they are out of malice, haughtiness, ignorance and petulance."191 Abu Amr Uthman b. Khalifah described them as follows; "They are a group which is very far from the truth (al-haqq), of a doubtful nature, and noxious views."192

However, Wahbi Ibadhis regarded the Nukkar as 'infidels-ingrate', kuffar ni'mah, and the relation between the two parties was of a hostile nature. The following are the beliefs of the Nukkar on which they differ from Wahbi Ibadhis:

1. The Names of Allah are created.

2. The 'proof' of God is not compulsory.

3. God's friendship towards the Muslims is mutable.

4. Regarding the question of al-Harith and Abd al-Jabbar their decision is of 'reservation' (wuquf).

5. They took the position of 'reservation' in regard to all children (minors).