242 THE IRAQIANS

and some of which are difficult to distinguish from the original doctrines ascribed to him.¹ A later echo of the disturbance created by the ʿAlī traditions occurs in Muslim² where Ibn ʿAbbās is made to object particularly to traditions from ʿAlī; an anonymous companion of ʿAlī is made to regret the falsifications introduced into the traditions from ʿAlī; and Mughīra b. Miqṣam Dabbī is made to say that traditions from ʿAlī are reliably related only by some of the Companions of Ibn Masʿūd. There is no trace of a bias in favour of Shiite legal doctrines in the Iraqian traditions from ʿAlī.

H. SUFYĀN THAURĪ

Sufyān Thaurī, a younger contemporary of Abū Ḥanīfa, belongs to the literary period but ought to be mentioned here as a Kufian³ who did not join the followers of Abū Ḥanīfa but founded a school of law of his own. He was claimed by lawyers, traditionists, and ascetics as one of them;⁴ Ibn Qutayba reckons him among the systematic lawyers (Maʿārif, 249), the author of the Fihrist (p. 225) among the lawyer‑traditionists.⁵ From the extensive fragments of his doctrines which have been preserved in Ṭabarī,⁶ we can judge with certainty that Sufyān Thaurī was above all a lawyer and a representative of the ancient schools.⁷ His opinions and reasonings, though on the whole definitely Iraqian, show that it would be a mistake to generalize, even within the circle of the Kufians, the uniformity of doctrine suggested by the isnād Abū Ḥanīfa—Ḥammād—Ibrāhīm.⁸