132 ANALOGY AND PERSONAL OPINION

against the old idea of ijtihād. The doctrine expressed here, with all its implications, became part of the classical theory of Muhammadan law, but only after the time of Shāfi'ī. Bukhāri separated ijtihād from its old connexion with ra'y and qiyās,¹ and Ibn Qutaiba, 19, 30, restricted the term mujtahid to the great scholars of the past who cannot be equalled, denying ijtihād to the contemporaries.